Turismo inclusivo y arqueoastronomía en Misminay / Cusco
CondorTravel betting on inclusive tourism in Misminay / Cusco, where local communities and tourists interact directly. Based on fieldwork in Misminay village, Cuzco, Gary Urton details a cosmology in which the Milky Way is central.
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CondorTravel apuesta al turismo inclusivo en Misminay / Cusco, donde las comunidades locales y turistas interactuan directamente.
Gary Urton en su libro "At the crossroads of the Earth and the Sky" de estudios de arqueoastronomía en Misminay – Cusco, constata la vigencia de ese conocimiento. Cuando en esa comunidad había mucha discusión acerca de lo desesperada que sería la situación si por ausencia de lluvias no se iniciaba la siembra de papas, Urton preguntó a un muchacho del pueblo porque cada noche todos estaban observando tan atentamente las estrellas de la "Qullca" (Las Pléyades) ... la respuesta fue simple: ¡Porque queremos vivir!
En el cruce de la tierra y el cielo
By Gary Urton
Fecha de publicación: Julio 1, 1988 | Serie: Monografías América Latina: N º 55
Por encima de Misminay, el cielo también está dividido por la intersección de dos ejes: la Vía Láctea cruzando el cenit. Esta imagen en espejo de la tetre-partición de las esferas terrestre y celeste es tal que cada punto de los cuartos terrestres se relaciona con su punto correspondiente en el respectivo cuarto celestial. La transición entre la tierra y el cielo se da en el horizonte, donde las montañas sagradas están relacionados con características topográficas y características celestiales.
Basado en el trabajo de campo en Misminay, Perú, Gary Urton detalla una cosmología en la quela Vía Láctea es central. Este trabajo de 1988 es el primer estudio que proporciona una descripción y análisis del sistema astronómico y cosmológico en una comunidad contemporánea en el continente americano. Capítulos separados tratan del sol, la luna, los fenómenos meteorológicos, las estrellas y los planetas. Se analizan estrella a estrella las constelaciones, los "animales" de las nebulosas oscuras en la Vía Láctea y algunas estrellas del crepúsculo y medianoche en términos de su integración espacial y temporal dentro de un marco cosmológico indígena.
Urton abre nuevos caminos mediante la demostración de la fusión indígena de formas de "conocimiento exacto" como la astronomía, la meteorología, la agricultura y la correlación de los ciclos astronómicos y biológicos dentro de un sistema de calendario sui géneris. Más de sesenta diagramas aclarar este sistema quechua de astronomía y lo relacionan con los principios más conocidos de la astronomía y la cosmología occidental.
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At the crossroads of the earth and the sky
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Publication Date: July 1, 1988 | Series: Latin American Monographs: No. 55
Above Misminay, the sky also is so divided by the alternation of the two axes of the Milky Way passing through the zenith. This mirror-image quadri-partition of terrestrial and celestial spheres is such that a point within one of the quarters of the earth is related to a point within the corresponding celestial quarter. The transition between the earth and the sky occurs at the horizon, where sacred mountains are related to topographic and celestial features.
Based on fieldwork in Misminay, Peru, Gary Urton details a cosmology in which the Milky Way is central. This is the first study that provides a description and analysis of the astronomical and cosmological system in a contemporary community in the Americas. Separate chapters take up the sun, the moon, meteorological phenomena, the stars, and the planets. Star-to-star constellations, the "animal" dark-cloud constellations that cut through the Milky Way, and certain twilight- and midnight-zenith stars are analyzed in terms of their spatial and temporal integration within an indigenous cosmological framework.
Urton breaks new ground by demonstrating the indigenous merging of such forms of "precise knowledge" as astronomy, meteorology, agriculture, and the correlation of astronomical and biological cycles within a single calendar system. More than sixty diagrams clarify this Quechua system of astronomy and relate it to more familiar principles of Western astronomy and cosmology.
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Clive Ruggles and Gary Urton - Copyright by APBC, Lima
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Gary Urton’s Publications:
a) Books:
1981 At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky: An Andean Cosmology. Latin American
Monographs, No. 55. University of Texas Press. Austin. [1988 - Paperback edition of At
the Crossroads... University of Texas Press.] Spanish edition: En el cruce de rumbos de la
tierra y el cielo (2006). Cusco: Centro Bartolomé de la Casas.
1990 The History of a Myth: Pacariqtambo and the Origin of the Inkas. University of Texas
Press. Austin. Spanish edition: Historia de un Mito: Pacariqtambo y el origen de los
Inkas. (2004). Cusco: Centro Bartolomé de las Casas.
1997 The Social Life of Numbers: A Quechua Ontology of Numbers and Philosophy of
Arithmetic. University of Texas Press, Austin. Spanish edition: La Vida Social de los
Números: Una ontología de los números y la filosofía de la aritmética quechuas. (2003) Cusco: Centro Bartolomé de las Casas.
1999 Inca Myths. The Legendary Past Series. London: British Museum Press; and Austin:
University of Texas Press. Translations into: French, Spanish, German, Russian, Korean,
Polish, Japanese, Chinese, Greek.
2003a Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records. Austin:
University of Texas Press. Spanish edition: Signos del Khipu Inka: Codigo Binario.
(2005) Cusco: Centro Bartolomé de las Casas.
2003b Quipu: Contar Anudando en el Imperio Inka / Knotting Accounts in the Inka Empire. Bi-
lingual exhibition catalog for a joint Harvard University / Museo Chileno de Arte Pre-
Colombino (Santiago de Chile) exhibit of khipu (Quipus):. (August, ’03). Pub. by the
MCAP and Harvard University.
2008 The Khipus of Laguna de los Cóndores / Los Khipus de la Laguna de los Cóndores.
Forma e Imágen. Lima.
b) Edited Volumes:
1982 Ethnoastronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the American Tropics. Edited by Anthony F.
Aveni and Gary Urton. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. 385. New
York.
1985 Animal Myths and Metaphors in South America. Edited by G. Urton. Salt Lake City:
University of Utah Press.
1996 Structure, Knowledge, and Representation in the Andes: Studies Presented to Reiner Tom
Zuidema on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. Special issue of the Journal of the Steward
Anthropological Society. Vol. 24, nos. 1 & 2. Urbana, Illinois.
2002 Narrative Threads: Explorations of Narrativity in Andean Khipus. Edited by J. Quilter
and G. Urton. Austin: University of Texas Press.
2002- Identidad y transformación en el Tawantinsuyu y en los Andes Coloniales:
2004 Perspectivas arqueológicas y etnohistóricas. Edited by P. Kaulicke, G. Urton, and I.
Farrington. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP, Vols. 6 (2002), 7 (2003), and 8 (2004). Lima,
Peru: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
2007 Skywatching in the Ancient World: New Perspectives in Cultural Astronomy. Edited by
Clive Ruggles and Gary Urton. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
nd. Their Way of Writing: Scripts, Signs and Pictographies in Pre-Columbian America.
Edited by Elizabeth H. Boone and Gary Urton. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks (in
press)
c) Articles:
1976 (with R. Tom Zuidema) "La constelación de la Llama en los andes peruanos." Allpanchis
Phuturinqa 9:59-120.
1978a "Beasts and Geometry: Some Constellations of the Peruvian Quechuas." Anthropos
73:32-40.
1978b "Orientation in Quechua and Incaic Astronomy." Ethnology 17, no. 2:157-167.
1980 "Celestial Crosses: The Cruciform in Quechua Astronomy." Journal of Latin American
Lore 6, no. 1:87-110.
1981a "Animals and Astronomy in the Quechua Universe." Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society 125, pt. 2:110-127.
1981b "La orientación en la astronomía quechua e inca." In Runakunap Kawsayninkupaq
Rurasqankunaqa. La Tecnología en el Mundo Andino. Ed. by Heather Lechtman and
Ana María Soldi. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; pp. 475-490 (Spanish
version of Urton, 1978b).
1981c "The Role of Native Cosmologies in Archaeoastronomical Studies: The View from South
America." In Archaeoastronomy in the Americas. Ed. by Ray Williamson. Ballena Press;
pp. 285-304.
1982 "Astronomy and Calendrics on the Coast of Peru." In Ethnoastronomy and
Archaeoastronomy in the American Tropics. Ed. by A. Aveni and G. Urton; pp. 231-248.
New York: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
1983 (with A. Aveni) "Archaeoastronomical Fieldwork on the Coast of Peru." In Calendars in
Mesoamerica and Peru: Native American Computations of Time. Ed. by A. Aveni and G.
Brotherston; pp. 221-234. Proceedings of the 44th International Congress of Americanists, Manchester, England (1982).
1984 "Chuta: El Espacio de la Práctica Social en Pacariqtambo, Peru." Revista Andina 2, no.
1:7-56.
1985 "Animal Metaphors and the Life Cycle in an Andean Community." In Animal Myths and
Metaphors in South America. Ed. by G. Urton (see above); pp. 251-284.
1986 "Calendrical Cycles and Their Projections in Pacariqtambo, Peru." Journal of Latin
American Lore 12, no. 1:45-64.
1987 "South American Ethnoastronomies." In The Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. by Mircea
Eliade, et al; pp. 177-182. Macmillan Press. New York.
1988 "La arquitectura publica como texto social: La historia de un muro de adobe en
Pacariqtambo, Peru (1915-1985)." Revista Andina 6, no. 1:225-261.
1989 "La historia de un mito: Pacariqtambo y el origen de los Incas." Revista Andina 7, no.
1:129-196. (With commentaries and response: pp. 197-216).
1990 "Andean Social Organization and the Maintenance of the Nazca Lines." In The Nazca
Lines. Ed. by A. F. Aveni. The American Philosophical Society; pp. 175-206.
1991a "The Stranger in Andean Communities." In Cultures et sociétés Andes et Méso-Amérique:
Mélanges en hommage a Pierre Duviols. Ed. by Raquel Thiercelin. Vol II:791-810.
Université de Provence. Aix-en-Provence.
1991b "Las unidades de análisis en el estudio de la reproducción y transformación de las
sociedades andinas." In Reproducción y Transformación de las Sociedades Andinas
(Siglos XVI-XX). Ed. by Segundo Moreno Y. and Frank Salomon; Vol. I, pp. 29-46.
Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito.
1992 "Communalism and Differentiation in an Andean Community." In Andean Cosmologies
through Time: Persistence and Emergence. Ed. by R. Dover, K. Seibold, and J. McDowell; pp. 229-266. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
1993a "Contesting the Past in the Peruvian Andes." In Mémoire de la Tradition. Ed. by A.
Becquelin and A. Molinié; pp. 72-107. Société d'ethnologie; Nanterre, France.
1993b "Moieties and Ceremonialism in the Andes: The Ritual Battles of the Carnival Season in
Southern Peru." In El Mundo Ceremonial Andino, ed. by Luis Millones and Yoshio
Onuki; Senri Ethnological Studies No. 37:117-142. National Museum of Ethnology,
Osaka, Japan.
1994 "A New Twist in an Old Yarn: Variation in Knot Directionality in the Inka khipus."
Baessler-Archiv Neue Folge, Band XLII:1-35.
1996a "Inca Religion." In The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Ed. by Brian M. Fagan; pp.
344-345. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
1996b "The Body of Meaning in Chavín Art." RES (Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics)
29/30:237-255.
1996c "R. Tom Zuidema, Dutch Structuralism, and the Application of the 'Leiden Orientation' to
Andean Studies." In Structure, Knowledge and Representation in the Andes: Studies
Presented to Reiner Tom Zuidema on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday. Edited by Gary
Urton. Special issue of the Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society 24, Nos. 1 &
2: 1-36.
1998 "From Knots to Narratives: Reconstructing the Art of Historical Record-Keeping in the
Andes from Spanish Transcriptions of Inka Khipus." Ethnohistory 45, no. 3:409-438
2001 "A Calendrical and Demographic Tomb Text from Northern Peru." Latin American
Antiquity Vol. 12, no. 2:127-147.
2002a “Codificación binaria en los khipus incaicos.” Revista Andina 35:9-68.
2002b "Recording Signs in Narrative-Accounting Khipus" . In Narrative Threads: Accounting
and Recounting in Andean Khipu. Edited by J. Quilter & G. Urton; pp. 171-96. Austin:
University of Texas Press.
2004a “Concordancias y afinidades en archivos de registros de khipus procedentes de
Chachapoyas e Ica, Perú.” In Identidad y transformación en el Tawantinsuyu y en los
Andes Coloniales. Ed. by P. Kaulicke, G. Urton and I. Farrington; pp. 289-303. Boletín
de Arqueología PUCP Vol. 8.
2004b “Identidades sociales y lecturas alternativas en los Khipus de la Laguna de los Cóndores.”
SIAN, Revista Arqueológica 9, no. 15. Nuevos Rumbos en los Estudios Chachapoya;
Primera Conferencia Internacional sobre el Arte, la Arqueología y la Etnohistoria de los
Chachapoya (Leymebamba, Amazonas, 9-10 August, 2003). Trujillo, Peru.
2005a (by G. Urton and Carrie J. Brezine) “Khipu Accounting in Ancient Peru.” Science 309:
1065-1067.
2005b “Khipu Archives: Duplicate Accounts and Identity Labels in the Inka Knotted-String
Records.” Latin American Antiquity 16, no. 2:147-167.
2006a “Carlos Radicati di Primeglio: Patrocinador de los estudios sobre los quipus.”
Introduction to Carlos Radicati di Primeglio, Estudios sobre los quipus. Compilation and
introduction by Gary Urton. Clásicos San-marquinos; pp. 39-54. Lima: Fondo Editorial
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos and COFIDE.
2006b “Censos registrados en cordeles con “Amarres”: Padrones Poblacionales Pre-Hispánicos y
Coloniales Tempranos en los Khipu Inka.” Revista Andina 42:153-196.
2007a “A Multi-Year Tukapu Calendar.” In Skywatching in the Ancient World: New
Perspectives in Cultural Astronomy, ed. by Clive Ruggles and Gary Urton; pp. 245-268.
University Press of Colorado. Boulder, CO.
2007b “Ancient Writing: Deciphering the Knotted Strings of the Incas.” In Discovery!
Unearthing the New Treasures of Archaeology, edited by Brian M. Fagan; pp. 244-
245. London: Thames and Hudson.
2007c (G. Urton and Carrie J. Brezine) “Information Control in the Palace of Puruchuco: An
Accounting Hierarchy in a Khipu Archive from Coastal Peru.” In Variations in the
Expression of Inka Power, ed. by R. Burger, C. Morris, and Matos Mar; pp. 357-384
Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.
2007d “The Khipus from Laguna de los Cóndores.” In Chachapoya Textiles: The Laguna de
los Cóndores Textiles in the Museo Leymebamba, Chachapoyas, Peru. Ed. by Lena
Bjerregaard; pp. 63-68. Museum Tusculanum Press: Copenhagen.
2008a “Andean Quipu: A History of Writings and Studies on Inca and Colonial Knotted-String
Records.” In Guide to Documentary Sources for Andean Studies, 1530-1900. Edl by
Joanne Pillsbury, Vol I:65-86. The University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, OK., and
in collaboration with the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery
of Art, Washington, D.C.
2008b “The Inca Khipu: Knotted-Cord Record Keeping in the Andes.” Handbook of South
American Archaeology. Edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell; 831-44.
Springer: New York.
2009a “Mathematics and Authority: A Case Study in Old and New World Accounting.” In The
Oxford Handbook of The History of Mathematics, edited by Eleanor Robson and Jackie
Stedall; pp. 27-56. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
2009b “Sin, Confession and the Arts of Book- and Cord-Keeping: An Intercontinental and
Transcultural Exploration of Accounting and Governmentality.” Comparative Studies in
Society and History 51, no. 4 (in press; October, 2009).
2009c “Tying the Truth in Knots: Trustworthiness and Accountability in the Inka Khipu.” In
Deception: Methods, Motives, Contexts and Consequences, edited by Brooke Harrington;
pp. 154-182. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA.
nd.a “Census Accounting With Strings Attached: Pre-Hispanic and Early Colonial Population
Counts on Inka Khipu.” In Re-Evaluating the Accuracy of Early Amerindian Population
Counts. Ed. by Noble David Cook. (in press).
nd.b (G. Urton and Carrie Brezine) “Khipu Typologies.” In Their Way of Writing: Scripts,
Signs and Pictographies in Pre-Columbian America, ed. by Elizabeth Boone and Gary
Urton. Dumbarton Oaks Foundation, Washington, D.C. (in press; 37 pp.).
nd.c “Numeral Graphic Pluralism in the Colonial Andes.” In Graphich Pluralism in the
Colonial Americas, ed. by Frank Salomon and Sabine Hyland. Special Issue of
Ethnohistory (in press; 33 pp.).
nd.d “Recording Measure(ment)s in the Inka Khipu.” In Measuring the World and Beyond.
Ed. by C. Renfrew and I. Morley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (in press).
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d) Reviews and Invited Commentaries:
1978 Invited comments on: D. Turton and C. Ruggles, "Agreeing to Disagree: The
Measurement of Duration in a Southwestern Ethiopian Community." Current
Anthropology 19, no. 3:598-599.
1979 Book Review: Tony Morrison, Pathways to the Gods: The Mystery of the Nazca Lines.
Harper and Row, N.Y., 1978. In Archaeoastronomy 2, no. 4:31-33.
1982 Book Review: Marcia Ascher and Robert Ascher, Code of the Quipu. The University of
Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1981. In Science 216, no. 4548:869-870.
1991 Book Review: Joanne Rappaport, The Politics of Memory: Native Historical
Interpretation in the Colombian Andes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. In
Latin American Anthropology Reviews 3 (2):67.
1992a Review of: "The Hall of South American Peoples," a permanent installation at the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y. In Museum Anthropology 16, no.
2:46-48.
1992b "Foreword," to Brian S. Bauer, The Development of the Inca State. Pp. xi-xiii. University
of Texas Press. Austin.
1993a Book Review: Stephen M. Fabian, Space-Time of the Bororo of Brazil. University Press
of Florida, Gainesville, 1992. In Hispanic American Historical Review 73 (3):496-498.
1993b Book Review: Frank Salomon and George L. Urioste (eds.), The Huarochirí Manuscript:
A Testament of Ancient and Colonial Andean Religion. The University of Texas Press,
1991. In American Anthropologist 95:225-6.
1997 Book Review: Brian S. Bauer and David S.P. Dearborn, Astronomy and Empire in the
Ancient Andes. The University of Texas Press, 1995. American Anthropologist 99 (no.
2):50-51.
2001 Invited comments on: Frank Salomon, "How an Andean 'Writing Without Words' Works."
Current Anthropology Vol. 42, No. 1:1-27; pp. 23-4.
2004 Book Review: Helaine Silverman, Ancient Nasca Settlement and Society. Iowa City, IA:
University of Iowa Press (2002). American Anthropologist 106, no. 3:634-5.
2006 Book Review: Paul Goldstein, Andean Diaspora: The Tiwanaku Colonies and the Origins
of South American Empire. Gainesville: University Press of Florida (2005). American
Anthropologist 108, no. 3:589-90.
nd. “Prologo.” R. Tom Zuidema, El calendario inca: Tiempo y espacio en la organización
ritual del Cuzco. La idea del pasado. Fondo Editorial del Congreso del Perú and Fondo
Editorial de la Universidad Católica del Perú (in press).
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Gary Urton's Publications: - Khipu Database Project - Harvard ...
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Forma e Imágen. Lima. b) Edited Volumes: 1982 Ethnoastronomy andArchaeoastronomy in the American Tropics. Edited by Anthony F. Aveni and GaryUrton.
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MISMINAY
http://www.offexploring.com/popole19/albums/cusco/9989915
Archaeoastronomy of Misminay village of Cuzco
At the crossroads of the earth and the sky
The complex tapestry of the astronomy in Misminay
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1983JHAS...14...72M
SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Title: Book Review: At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky, by Gary Urton
Authors: McCluskey, S. C.
Journal: Journal for the History of Astronomy, Archaeoastronomy Supplement, Vol. 14, p.S72
Bibliographic Code: 1983JHAS...14...72M
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1983JHAS...14...72M
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